What is Colitis

Colitis is the generic term used for a group of conditions, which cause the inflammation of the inner lining of the colon. There are many types of colitis like ischemic colitis, ulcerative colitis, fulminant colitis, Crohn's colitis, diversion colitis, collagenous colitis, infectious colitis, chemical colitis, microscopic colitis, lymphocytic colitis and atypical colitis. The causes, symptoms and treatment vary for different forms of colitis.

Generally, the symptoms of colitis include pain and tenderness in the lower abdomen, joints pain, increased frequency of bowel movement, fever, ulcers on the colon, blood or mucus in the stool and rectal bleeding. While some forms of colitis are characterized by diarrhea, while constipation occurs in other types. Colitis may be accompanied by bloating and indigestion, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, cramps etc.

Colitis is caused by some infections, medical conditions, over reaction of the immune system, etc. It differs with the different forms of this disease. Infectious colitis is caused by the infection of the colon by viruses or bacteria. Ischemic colitis is caused by the blockage in the artery supplying blood to the muscles in the walls of the colon. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis (jointly called inflammatory bowel disease) are caused when the colon is attacked by the body's immune system. Microscopic colitis, which includes collagenous and lymphocytic colitis is due to the accumulation of collagen or lymphocytes in some parts of the colon wall. Exposure of the colon to harsh chemicals can result in chemical colitis. Colitis can be diagnosed through X-rays of the colon, stool tests, stool cultures, blood tests, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy, etc.

The treatment of this disease depends on the specific type of colitis and its cause. Usually, the primary treatment includes the rehydration of the patient and medications for controlling pain. If the patient cannot tolerate the oral intake of fluids, then intravenous methods are adopted. Treatment includes antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In some types of colitis and in severe cases, where the patient experiences regular attacks of the disease, surgery may be suggested. If left untreated, this disease can cause damage to the lining of the colon wall and may result in colon cancer. According to some studies, the risk of colon cancer is higher in persons suffering from colitis and it is observed that the former disease occurs in about 5% of such people. If the entire colon is impaired, then the risk is 32 times higher, than in normal persons. People with dysplasia (precancerous changes) in the colon lining are more susceptible to develop colon cancer from colitis.

Colitis can be prevented to some extent by maintaining hygiene while cooking and eating food. A healthy lifestyle with a healthy diet can result in wellness. It is also observed that a change in diet can reduce the intensity of the disease. Avoid the consumption of caffeine, spicy food, refined sugar, soft drinks, etc. Drink lots of water and consume vegetables and fruits. Moderate exercise is also necessary for a fit body. Adopt a healthy lifestyle and keep your body free of diseases.