Secret Societies

An organization that hides its membership and activities from non-members is termed as a "Secret society". It is expected that the members take an oath not to reveal the society's secrets. Also, they have to negate that they are members if interrogated by outsiders. The following can be categorized as secret societies:

• Harmless college fraternities
• Fraternal organizations conducting secret ceremonies
• Mythical organizations having self-sufficient political and financial agendas, potency and worldwide reach to be involved in conspiracy theories

Classification of Secret Societies

There are 11 subcategories:

• Propaganda due
• Rosicrucianism
• Scroll and key
• Secret societies in Singapore
• Knights templar
• Know nothing
• Ku klux klan
• Ordo templi orientis
• Irish Republican brotherhood
• Golden dawn
• Fraternal and magical organizations

Some of the secret societies are briefly described below:

American Protective Association
This was active from 1891 to 1897. It was an anti-Catholic secret society which had Irish protestants, Germans and Scandinavian Lutherans. It had the following objectives:

• expelling Catholic teachers from public schools
• restricting Catholics from public offices
• hindering Catholic immigration to America
• adding English as a prerequisite to obtain American citizenship

Associations of the Polish Youth
This was a secret association of Polish students at the universities of Russia, Austria and Germany as well as other European universities where there were a large number of Polish students. It desired to group talented youth for three purposes:

• as pro-Polish agitators
• as civil servants in a future Polish state
• as community leaders

This organization was started in Krakow by Zygmunt Balicki. Further, it spread to Moscow, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Paris, Zurich, Geneva, etc. The following activities were carried out:

• discussions of Polish history
• instruction of Polish language
• publishing secret magazines like Teka, Wici
• conspirative military training in Germany

Bishop James Madison Society
This was started in 1812 in the College of William and Mary in Virginia. It was a posthumous tribute to the life of Bishop James Madison, a cousin of James Madison, the US president. The Bishop was also the eighth president of William and Mary. During the American Civil War, William and Mary was overtaken by the Union troops and the society was closed. In the twentieth century, it was restarted. The activities were intended to enhance the joy, pride and reputation of the college community.

Cambridge Apostles
This was also called the Cambridge Conversazione Society. The founder was George Tomlinson. He started it in 1820 as an elite intellectual secret society at Cambridge University. Initially, the members were from King's College and Trinity College. Undergraduates, graduates as well as university and college incumbents have been the members. As there were twelve founders, the nickname "Apostles" was used. The active and generally undergraduate members are called "Apostles", while the senior members are referred to as "angles".

Fraternity of the Inner Light
Dion Fortune started this group in 1922. Later, it was called "The Society of the Inner Light". The initial training was offered by correspondence courses. If this was completed successfully the aspirants were promoted to "Lesser Mysteries" and further to "Greater Mysteries".

Sons of Liberty
American patriots formed this secret organization in the Thirteen colonies prior to the American revolution. Their aim was to oppose the British Crown and often resorted to mob violence. They attacked the gentleman's houses, East India Company tea and Customs officers of the British. The British supporters called them as "Sons of Violence" and "Sons of Iniquity".

Some of the other secret societies are:

• The Gun Club
• Union of Prosperity
• Z Society
• Hashshashin
• Porcellian Club