Nasal Allergy Medications

An allergy can be termed as a disorder of the immune system. It is caused by the hypersensitivity of the immune system to certain substances, called allergens. The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from the possible invasion of harmful foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc. by producing antibodies to destroy them. However, in the case of allergies, the immune system reacts even in the presence of harmless substances, like pollen, dust, certain foods and molds, and produces allergic reactions. Nasal allergy is a common type of allergy, where allergens such as dust, pollen, mold and bacteria enter through the nose and cause sneezing, nasal congestion, swelling, discharge of mucus, nasal itching and redness of the eyes.

Nasal Allergy Medications

The usual treatment for nasal allergy, includes decongestants, steroids and antihistamine medications. The medications used in nasal allergy are either controllers or relievers. The controllers are the medicines that target the underlying causes of the allergic reactions, while the relievers are used to temporarily relieve the nasal allergy symptoms. The commonly used controllers are antihistamine medicines and steroids, while the decongestants are an example of relievers.

Antihistamines

Antihistamine medications are used to prevent histamine (a chemical produced by the immune system during allergic reactions) from attaching to the histamine receptors present on the surface of the cells. There are mainly three types histamine receptors in human body, known as H1, H2 and H3. The histamine causes allergic symptoms like sneezing, itching and a runny nose, when it binds with the receptors, especially the H1 receptor. So, antihistamines bind with the H1 receptor and thereby prevent histamine from attaching to the receptor sites. But, the use of antihistamine usually induces drowsiness and reduces mental alertness. However, in recent times, new antihistamine medications are available, that act slowly and cause less sleepiness.

Steroids

Steroids are actually hormones produced by the adrenal glands. The corticosteroids are known for their anti-inflammatory effects, and hence used in treating allergic reactions, especially inflammation of the nose. Nasal steroids are also effective in reducing congestion and are often used in combination with antihistamine medications. However, long term use of steroids can produce side effects like nasal bleeding and nasal crusts. Besides, it can also cause bone thinning, cataracts and an increased susceptibility to infections.

Decongestants

Decongestants are usually used for nasal congestion, which is another common symptom of nasal allergy. During allergic reactions, histamine broadens the blood vessels and stimulates the outflow of fluid from them. This, coupled with the swelling of the nasal membrane, blocks the nasal passage and causes congestion or stuffiness. A decongestant constricts the blood vessels and reduces the flow of fluid to the nasal tissues. This in turn, relieves the stuffiness by opening up the nasal passage. There are two forms of decongestants, oral and topical. The topical decongestants can provide quick relief, though overuse can cause side effects like burning sensations and dryness of the nose. It can also lead to a rebound nasal congestion, if used continuously for several days. On the other hand, the common side effects of using oral decongestants include palpitations, nervousness, insomnia, loss of appetite and irritability.

Though a number of medications are available for treating nasal allergy, most of them are associated with many harmful side effects. Therefore, it is always advisable to take only the appropriate doses of these medications under the guidance of an experienced physician. Besides, it is also important to avoid the specific allergens that can cause nasal allergy. In addition to these, sufficient intake of vitamin C, which is a natural antihistamine and immune boosters can be beneficial in reducing the severity and extent of allergic reactions.