Iraq

The Republic of Iraq is bordered by Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iran. Central Iraq was once known as Mesopotamia and was a cradle of ancient civilization. Arab Muslims conquered Iraq in the 7th century and made it a center of Islamic culture. In the 17th century it came under rule of the Ottoman Empire. After World War I, the European powers fixed the boundaries of the modern state, and Britain installed a monarchy. Iraq gained full independence in 1932 and a military coup eventually ended the monarchy in 1958. Independent Iraq has played a major role in regional affairs.