History of Vatican City, Italy

The Vatican City is a walled enclave, entirely inside the city of Rome, Italy and considered to be the smallest country in this world. The overall population of Vatican City is not more than a 1000 people and the land area covered is approximately 44 hectares. The history of Vatican City, Italy is an interesting fabrication of the Roman Catholic faith and influence of the Pope. The Vatican City came into existence in the year 1929, as a result of the Lateran Treaty signed by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri. The Vatican City should not be confused with the Holy See, which is not a country, and existed long before 1929. The ordinances in the Holy See are published in Latin, whereas in the Vatican City, they are published in Italian.

The history of Vatican city, Italy, dates back to the 6^th century, with the construction of the basilica of St. Peter's by Emperor Constantine. This was followed by construction of a palace by Pope Symmachus, close to the basilica. After the return of Papacy to Rome in the year 1377, the Pope, who usually resided in the Lateral Palace in Rome, started living in the Vatican. The Popes were generally great patrons of arts, and made constant efforts for collection of masterpieces. These were assembled to construct wonderful galleries and museums in the Vatican City. Popes like Sixtus IV, Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X, and Clement VII, contributed to the cultural development of the places, which are now in this holy country. Popes ruled parts of Italy till the mid of 19^th century and then many of the Papal States were taken away by the unified Italy. In 1870, the Pope's influence and powers were further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed.

After the struggle for Italian unification from 1860 to 1870, the Papacy was confined to the Vatican and Lateran palaces. This was done in accordance with the Italian Law passed on 13^th May 1871. The Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871) played a vital role in the formation of the Vatican City. France was defeated by Germany in this war, leading to the annexation of Papal states to the newly unified Italy. However, the Popes in Vatican refused to leave and three Lateran Treaties were signed in the year 1929, giving the Church special privileges under the Papal rule. Since that time, the Vatican has been an independent country which can issue normal passports and can send and receive ambassadors.

Steps were taken for the modernization of the Roman Catholic Church and its policies in the year 1962 and as per the new policies, the power was decentralized. The bishops had a larger role, and laymen were given a larger part in church affairs. Cardinal Albino Luciani was chosen as the pope on 26^th August, 1978, to succeed Paul VI who died of a heart attack. He died only 34 days after his election and Cardinal Karol Wojtyla took his place under the name John Paul II. Wojtyla became the first Polish and non-Italian Pope since the 16th century. In the year 1984, certain agreements of the Lateran Treaty were further modified, and these modifications included the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the Italian State Region.

There are many interesting facts about the Vatican City and it is also well-known for many controversial issues regarding the life and death of Jesus Christ. The beautiful museums exhibit world famous paintings and the history of Christian civilization. The documents and transcripts in Vatican City still arouse universal interest and the oldest document dates back to the end of the 8^th century. Presently, the Secret Vatican Archives exhibit more than 630 different archival fonds, covering an almost continuous period of over 800 years of history.