Goldenhar Syndrome - Causes, Symptoms and Treatments
Goldenhar syndrome is a disorder that causes distortion to the facial and internal parts of a child.
What is Goldenhar Syndrome?
Goldenhar syndrome also known as Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral (OAV) syndrome (named after Dr. Goldenhar who studied and wrote many things about facial problems) is a rare congenital defect which involves incomplete development (deformities) of eye, ear, lip, soft palate, nose and mandible and is also associated with anomalous development of the first and second branchial arch.
Children born with this disorder may have partially developed/formed or completely absent parts of the face such as ear, eye, nose etc. as well as incomplete development of muscles in the face and skin on it (hypoplasia). It is also characterized by deformation at the corner of mouth (extended towards the ear, also known as macpostoma), chin, and incomplete growth of the eye. As the deformation may cause problems with the mouth opening, it also may lead to speech related problems and hemivertebrae (small or improperly developed spinal vertebrae).
Causes
It is not confirmed if anything done by the mother during her pregnancy may directly or indirectly cause Goldenhar syndrome in the newborn, but the possibility of any such influence cannot be ignored. Some doctors believe that the postures a pregnant woman uses or the kind of life she lives or any particular activity done by her can cause hampered or incomplete development of an infant. Doctors also believe that the environment a pregnant woman is staying in, the physical conditions she is undergoing (for example: the way her family/husband treats her) can cause development of this syndrome in infants.
Also, exposure to certain chemicals/toxics of a woman can lead to development of this syndrome in infants.
Symptoms
Children suffering from this syndrome can develop any of the following problems: partially developed or completely absent ear or eye, benign growth of eye, disproportionate development of mouth and lips (one side normal and the other one raised upwards), hearing problems, in some cases bones of the neck get fused. If the syndrome has affected the mouth then the tongue on the affected side may be improperly developed or the patient may have dental problems such as uneven development. Due to improper development of the mouth the patient may experience problem in moving the affected side of the mouth and may face speech problems, lack of saliva in mouth etc.
Diagnosis and Treatment
As this syndrome causes distortion of the face, physical examination of the affected person is the first step in diagnosis of this syndrome. Along with the physical examination, X-ray and Ultrasound scan can help identify internal problems associated with this syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis with the help of screening or other scanning/imaging processes also can help in confirming if facial or skeletal issues are present.
Treatment of this syndrome typically involves correction of the various symptoms such as hearing aid to help alleviate hearing related issues, use of speech therapy for speech problems, use of corrective dental treatment for dental problems, therapy to improve other physical issues. In some cases, plastic surgery is used as a corrective treatment which varies from cosmetic to severe issues such as corrective surgeries for problems related to eye, use of crutches/walker etc.
Goldenhar syndrome also known as Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral (OAV) syndrome (named after Dr. Goldenhar who studied and wrote many things about facial problems) is a rare congenital defect which involves incomplete development (deformities) of eye, ear, lip, soft palate, nose and mandible and is also associated with anomalous development of the first and second branchial arch.
Children born with this disorder may have partially developed/formed or completely absent parts of the face such as ear, eye, nose etc. as well as incomplete development of muscles in the face and skin on it (hypoplasia). It is also characterized by deformation at the corner of mouth (extended towards the ear, also known as macpostoma), chin, and incomplete growth of the eye. As the deformation may cause problems with the mouth opening, it also may lead to speech related problems and hemivertebrae (small or improperly developed spinal vertebrae).
Causes
It is not confirmed if anything done by the mother during her pregnancy may directly or indirectly cause Goldenhar syndrome in the newborn, but the possibility of any such influence cannot be ignored. Some doctors believe that the postures a pregnant woman uses or the kind of life she lives or any particular activity done by her can cause hampered or incomplete development of an infant. Doctors also believe that the environment a pregnant woman is staying in, the physical conditions she is undergoing (for example: the way her family/husband treats her) can cause development of this syndrome in infants.
Also, exposure to certain chemicals/toxics of a woman can lead to development of this syndrome in infants.
Symptoms
Children suffering from this syndrome can develop any of the following problems: partially developed or completely absent ear or eye, benign growth of eye, disproportionate development of mouth and lips (one side normal and the other one raised upwards), hearing problems, in some cases bones of the neck get fused. If the syndrome has affected the mouth then the tongue on the affected side may be improperly developed or the patient may have dental problems such as uneven development. Due to improper development of the mouth the patient may experience problem in moving the affected side of the mouth and may face speech problems, lack of saliva in mouth etc.
Diagnosis and Treatment
As this syndrome causes distortion of the face, physical examination of the affected person is the first step in diagnosis of this syndrome. Along with the physical examination, X-ray and Ultrasound scan can help identify internal problems associated with this syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis with the help of screening or other scanning/imaging processes also can help in confirming if facial or skeletal issues are present.
Treatment of this syndrome typically involves correction of the various symptoms such as hearing aid to help alleviate hearing related issues, use of speech therapy for speech problems, use of corrective dental treatment for dental problems, therapy to improve other physical issues. In some cases, plastic surgery is used as a corrective treatment which varies from cosmetic to severe issues such as corrective surgeries for problems related to eye, use of crutches/walker etc.
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